BIBLIOGRAPHIC STYLE GUIDELINES FOR MUSIC
Donald Byrd, May 2001; revised March 2003
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Thanks to J. Stephen Downie and Tim Crawford for their comments on this document.
The "APA style" referred to herein is the style of the American Psychological 
Association; see http://www.apastyle.org/.

Note: italics are indicated by enclosing the word or phrase in _underlines_.


CAPITALIZATION, QUOTATION MARKS, ETC.

Examples:
	* Symphony no. 38 in D Major, K. 504
	* One-Note Samba
	* String Quartet no. 7 in C Major, Op. 59, No. 1
	* "Resurrection" Symphony, "Kreutzer" Sonata, but: Violin Concerto
	* Keys: in F major, in D minor, in Bb major, in F# minor

When they are the text incipit, titles of songs and other vocal works should be in
double quotes and should be capitalized as they appear in the text: "Hark, hark the
lark", "J'ai perdu tout mon bonheur". Otherwise, they should not be in quotes
and should be capitalized like any other title: A Day in the Life.


PART I: CITATION STYLE

Citation style for music is much less formal than for technical literature. For
example, it's acceptable to refer to "Beethoven's Symphonies nos. 5, 6, and 7", or
"the first movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony", or "the ending of the Beatles
song A Day in the Life", and reference-list entries are not required. All that's
necessary is that it be clear to an average reader of your paper what work, or what
portion of a work, is referred to, and that you be consistent. However, if a piece
does appear in the "Music Referenced" list (see below), the citation should follow
APA style for other types of works, with the year in parentheses. For reprinted
works--far more common for music than for technical literature--the citation should
again follow APA style, e.g., "Beethoven's Fourth Symphony (1807/1938?)".

In citations of recordings, include side (for LPs) and band or track numbers: "Tails
and Trotters" (Goodenough, 1982, track 5).


PART II: REFERENCE-LIST STYLE

Entries in the References list are _not_ necessary for musical works mentioned in
the text unless you're calling attention to features of specific editions or
performances. If you do include entries for musical works, they should appear
in a separately-alphabetized section headed "Music Referenced".
 
A. For scores:

Beethoven, L. van (1938?). Symphony no. 4 in Bb major, Op. 60. Miniature score.
London: Eulenburg. (Original work published 1807)

Wert, Giaches de (1969). "O sacrum convivium". C. MacClintock (Ed.), _Collected
Works_, Corpus Mensurabilis Musicae, 24, vol. XI, pp. 94-97. Rome.

Lennon, J., and McCartney, P. (1992). A Day in the Life. Jesse Gress (Transcriber).
In _Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band_, Guitar Recorded Versions. Milwaukee,
Wisconsin: Hal Leonard.

Rousseau, J.-J. (1988). _Le Devin du village_: Scene 1, "J'ai perdu tout mon
bonheur". Miniature score. In C. Palisca (Ed.), _Norton Anthology of Western Music_,
vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton. (Composed in 1752)

The general form is: composer's surname, comma, first initial or given name (year of
publication in parentheses). _Title of composition_, following the above rule on
quotation marks; optional colon, section of composition. Editor/arranger/transcriber
with first initial or name and surname, comma, _title of collection_ or _edition
used_; _name of series of edition_, number in the series; volume, pages (omit "vol."
but include "pp."); publisher's city: publisher. (Optional phrase giving year of
composition or publication in parentheses)


B. For performances (audio recordings or MIDI files). This is based on the APA
style.

1. General form:

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from
writer]. On _Title of Album_ [Medium of recording: compact disk, record, cassette,
etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)

2. Recording:

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On _Arkansas traveler_ [CD]. New York:
PolyGram Music.

3. Re-recording by artist other than writer:

Goodenough, J.B. (1982). Tails and trotters [Recorded by G. Bok, A. Mayo, & E.
Trickett]. On _And so will we yet_ [CD]. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy Records (1990).